Computing terms and glossary
A glossary of common computer (computing) and Internet terms with definitions that are easy to understand.
1-1 programme
Scheme in which every student is given their own laptop.
3D modelling
Software often used in the digital restoration of historic sites or artefacts.
3G
System to allow Internet access using mobile phone networks.
4G
System to allow Internet access using mobile phone networks.
AAC
Lossy file format for audio.
absolute cell reference
In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which does not change when moved.
absolute link
HTML link to a fully specified URL.
acceptable use policy
Policy that sets out what users are and are not allowed to do with IT systems.
acceptance testing
Testing performed by the client and users as part of the handover process.
access levels
Settings that determine who can access an item and what they can do with it (read, write, delete). Applies to files, folders and databases among other things.
accessibility
Hardware and software features to help disabled users operate computer systems.
accounting software
Application software for managing finances.
ACID
Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability. Properties of a database that help guarantee data integrity.
Active Server Pages
Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
Active Server Pages Extended
Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
ad blockers
Software to block adverts in web pages.
adaptive maintenance
Maintenance that changes software to make it work with a new software environment.
ADC
Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital sample of it.
addiction
Compulsive use of a computer system that can lead to negative effects, including health problems. A growing problem!
Adobe Flash Player
A web browser plugin which allows a variety of multimedia and interactive content to be included in web pages.
agile development
Development method that focuses on creating small, working parts of a project at regular intervals.
AI
Creating a system that produces results comparable to human intelligence.
alignment
Tools to control placement of objects in presentation or DTP software.
alpha testing
Initial testing of an IT system.
ALT attribute
HTML attribute that provides a text description of images.
alternative key
Field by which a database is often searched.
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
Encoding system to store text, where one byte is used for each character. Compare Unicode.
analog data
Continuous data which can be measured, such as the temperature in the room.
analog to digital converter
Device for sampling analog data and producing a digital sample of it.
analyst
In project development, person who documents the current system, finding its problems and areas for improvement
anchor
HTML link which points to a different part of the same page.
android
Robot designed to look like a human, with lifelike skin and other features.
ANPR
Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.
anti-plagiarism software
Software to detect plagiarised work by searching the Internet and previous work samples.
anti-virus
Software to detect and remove viruses and other malware.
Apache
Well known web server software.
applet
Java program which runs inside a web page.
application server
Computer that stores application software for clients on a network.
application software
Software which allows users to produce work, such as documents and presentations.
application suite
Collection of application programs that perform related tasks, sold together.
Artificial Intelligence
Creating a system that produces results comparable to human intelligence.
Artificial Neural Network
AI system that attempts to mimic the neurons and synapses in the human brain.
ASCII
See American Standard Code for Information Interchange.
ASP
Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
ASPX
Technology used to create dynamic web pages, designed by Microsoft.
assistant
See wizard.
assumptions
Often made during the construction of a computer model, as part of the simplification process.
asymmetric key encryption
Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to decrypt it.
asynchronous
Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are not synchronised.
asynchronous learning
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does not require the teacher and student to be online at the same time.
Atomicity
Part of ACID. A way of ensuring that database transactions either happen in their entirety, or not at all. For example, a payment from A to B must have money subtracted from person A and credited to person B. Atomicity means either both transactions occur, or neither do.
attributes
Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram.
audio software
Application software for creating, recording, and editing sound.
audit trails
Record of all changes and actions performed with a system, for security purposes.
auditing
Recording database transactions made by users (e.g. all edits, reads) for security purposes.
augmented reality
Overlapping layers of computer data with images of the real world.
authentication
Establishing a user's identity.
authentication server
Computer that checks usernames and passwords when a user tries to log in.
authorised access
User who has permission to use a system.
Automatic Number Plate Recognition
Software which processes video camera data to read vehicle number plates and compare it to those stored in a database.
automatic recalculation
Spreadsheet feature that updates results when cells are changed.
autonomous
Robot which operates without human intervention.
avatar
Representation of a person in a virtual environment.
AVI
Lossy file format for video.
B2B
E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a business and their suppliers.
B2C
E-commerce conducted between a business and their customers, for example, online shopping.
back-end
Database which stores web site content 'behind the scenes'.
backbone
High speed connections that connect main Internet sites.
backdoor
Method of bypassing security in a system, built in by the system designers.
backup
Spare copy of data to be used in the event of an emergency.
BAN
Environmental campaign group that works to reduce the problems caused by e-waste.
bandwidth
Measure of a network's speed.
banner ads
Graphical adverts that are typically displayed across the top of a web page.
bar code scanners
Input device that uses a laser to read a bar code.
Basel Action Network
Environmental campaign group that works to reduce the problems caused by e-waste.
Basel Convention, The
Environmental agreement regarding e-waste.
battlefield network
Large scale network gathering information from soldiers, vehicles, and maps to provide an overall view of the battlefield.
bespoke software
Software created specific for an individual or organisation.
beta tester
Person who attempts to find bugs in software before it is released to customers.
beta testing
Testing of an IT system once all features have been added and only bugs need to be worked out.
biometric enrolment
Process of registering a user for a biometric system by taking an initial sample.
biometric template
Measurements taken from a biometric sample.
biometrics
Use of fingerprints, retina scans, or other body features as an authentication mechanism.
bit
A single binary digit (a 1 or a 0). The smallest unit of storage inside a computer.
Bit depth
Refers to the number of colours in an image.
bit rate
Amount of data used to represent a single sample in a video or audio file.
bitmap graphics
Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels.
bits per second
Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network connection.
black boxes
Closed system whose internal operation cannot be inspected.
black list
List of banned web sites in a filtering system.
blade servers
Server design which is modular, allowing systems to be rapidly expanded and reducing power consumption.
blended learning
Mix of traditional teaching techniques and e-learning techniques.
blog
Web page where entries are stored chronologically, like a diary or journal.
blue screen
Technique used to replace part of a video image matching a certain colour with computer graphics.
Bluetooth
Short range, low bandwidth wireless technology often used for mobile phone headsets or earphones.
BluRay
Optical secondary storage device capable of storing 16GB+.
BMP
Lossless file format for audio.
Boolean logic
Logic in which clauses can have one of two states - such as yes or no, true or false.
Boolean operators
AND, OR, and NOT operators used in a query.
botnet
Group of zombie computers under the control of a criminal.
bounce rate
Percentage of users who visit a web site but immediately leave it.
bps
Unit for measuring the speed of data transfer over a network connection.
Braille keyboard
Special keyboard designed for users with eyesight problems.
Braille printer
Special printer that can produce Braille text.
breadcrumb trails
Feature of a web site to help user navigation by showing the current page name and the names of pages which led to it, in order.
browser
Software used to view web pages.
browser compatibility
An essential check to ensure that a web page appears the same way on all web browsers.
brute force attack
Attempt to break a password by trying all possible combinations of letters, numbers, and symbols.
brute force searching
AI technique that considers all possible solutions, looking for the best.
buffer
Temporary storage area used to store video or audio data ready for playing.
bug
Error or mistake in a program.
bug tracking system
Used to track and manage bugs in a piece of software.
bugs
Errors in a computer program or system, hopefully found during testing.
bulk email
Email sent to large numbers of users at once. May be considered spam by some users.
business case
Analysis of the benefits and problems of a proposed IT project.
Business Software Alliance
Organisation that works to reduce illegal copying of software.
Business-to-Business
E-commerce conducted between two businesses, such as a business and their suppliers.
Business-to-Consumer
E-commerce conducted between a business and their customers, for example, online shopping.
byte
Storage unit: 8 bits. Enough to store a single ASCII text character.
C2C
E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other, such as in online auction.
cache
Storage area for frequently used information, to speed up access.
CAD
Technical graphics software used to design products for manufacture.
camera
Common input device in robotics.
Capability Maturity Model Integration
Quality assurance method that describes an organisation's level of maturity.
CAPTCHA
'Scribble text' displayed as an image, which the user must type in to verify that they are a person.
car crash model
Used to predict the results of car crashes.
cardinality
Property of a relationship in an Entity Relationship Diagram.
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome
A health problem causing pain in the wrist, often associated with overuse or incorrect of a computer system.
Cascading Style Sheets
Technology to specify styling and formatting information for web pages.
CAVE
Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls surrounding a user.
Cave Automated Virtual Environment
Form of virtual reality which projects images on the walls surrounding a user.
CD-ROM
Optical secondary storage device capable of holding 650-700MB of data.
cell format
In spreadsheets, the properties of a cell such as its colour, font, and cell type.
cell range
In spreadsheets, reference to a range of continuous cells.
cell reference
In spreadsheets, a combination of row number and column letter to refer to a single cell (e.g. A2).
Central Processing Unit
Hardware responsible for processing all instructions the computer runs.
centralised database
database in which all data in stored in one centralised location.
centralized processing
Single computer with multiple processors working on a task.
Certificate Authority
Organisation that issues digital certificates to individuals and companies.
CFD
Computational Fluid Dynamics. A technique used to model airflow in computer models.
CGI
Graphics created entirely on a computer, using 2D or 3D graphics software.
chaining
Use of logical statements to come to a conclusion.
changeover
Moving from an old system to a new IT system.
character check
Ensuring a field contains only the specified character types.
check digit
Way of checking mathematically if a item of data has been correctly entered.
Children Internet Protection Act (CIPA)
US Law requiring schools to filter Internet content to protect children.
Children's Internet Protection Act
US law requiring Internet filtering in US most schools and libraries.
Chinese Room, the
Thought experiment dealing with the idea of knowledge.
chip and pin
Systems designed to reduce credit card fraud by requiring the user to authenticate themselves at the point of sale.
CIPA
US law requiring Internet filtering in US most schools and libraries.
ciphertext
Result of encrypting plaintext.
citation
Acknowledge to a piece of work used as a source.
citizen journalism
News reporting by everyday citizens using mobile technology, rather than traditional media.
clamps
Common output device in robotics.
claws
Common output device in robotics.
Click Through Rate
Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it.
client
Person or organisation who commissions an IT project.
client computer
Computer on a network that uses services provided by a server.
client-server
Network system that uses servers to store data centrally and client computers to access them.
Client-side software
In a web environment, refers to software that runs in the user's browser rather than on the web server.
climate model
Computer model used to predict possible future climate change.
clinical decision support system
Expert system for medical diagnosis
clock speed
Speed of a processor, in ticks per second.
cloning
Graphics technique which copies one part of an image to another, often to remove something from the image.
closed source
Software whose source code is not publicly available.
cloud computing
System whereby application software and data are stored on a remote Internet server.
CMMI
Quality assurance method that describes an organisation's level of maturity.
CMS
Content Management System. Software which allows management of a web site without web design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.
collaborative software
Application software to let users work together on projects even if they are geographically remote.
colour balance
Graphics filtering for altering the tones and intensities of colours in an image.
colour depth
Refers to the number of colours in an image.
colour levels
Graphics filtering for altering the tones and intensities of colours in an image.
Colour management
Ensuring printed output colours accurately match those on the screen.
colour profile
Used as part of colour synchronisation to specify how a device represents colour.
Colour synchronisation
Ensuring printed output colours accurately match those on the screen.
Comma Separated Values
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also TSV (Tab Separated Values).
command line interface
System the user controls by typing in commands.
commercial software
Software which is sold for profit.
CompactFlash
Solid state storage device usually used in digital cameras.
compatibility
Idea that two systems work together and can share hardware, software, or data.
composite image
Image which was created from several separate images.
composite key
Primary key which consists of more than one field.
compression
Reduction in the amount of data used to store a file.
computational intelligence
Approach that tries to create systems that think and learn in the same way humans do.
Computer Aided Design
Technical graphics software used to design products for manufacture.
Computer Generated Imagery
Graphics created entirely on a computer, using 2D or 3D graphics software.
computer matching
Combining several databases to build up more information about a person or set of people.
Computer Misuse Act
UK law governing criminal offences committed using a computer.
Computer model
Mathematical representation of the real world using computer software.
Computer simulation
Based on computer models, gives users experience of events such as flying a plane.
computer vision
Techniques to let computers and robots see and understand the world around them.
concept keyboard
Keyboard with keys that perform programmable, customised functions.
Concurrency
Methods used to ensure multiple (concurrent) operations can be performed on a database without causing data integrity problems. Related to ACID and record locking.
concurrent licence
Software licence that allows a specific number of copies to be used at one time.
confidence interval
Level of certainty in an answer a pattern recognition system provides.
Consistency
Part of ACID. Ensures that data in a database is always in a consistent state - i.e. that it follows all data validation rules. (Note that this is not the same as being correct).
consistency check
Validation check in which two fields' values are mutually dependent.
constraints
Limitations within which an IT system must work.
Consumer-to-Consumer
E-commerce where customers deal directly with each other, such as in online auction.
content rating
System whereby web site content is categorised so that filters can block it if necessary.
continuous data
Analog data which can be measured, such as the temperature in the room.
Convergence
Idea that one device performs the same functions as many separate devices.
conversion rate
Percentage of visitors who visit a site and then make a purchase.
cookies
Small text file text by some web sites to recognise the user when they return.
copyright
Law protecting intellectual property from unauthorised copying.
copyright infringement
Illegally copying or distributing copyrighted material.
corrective maintenance
Maintenance that fixes bugs in software.
Cost Per Click
Amount paid to the advertising company when a user clicks on an advert.
CP
Longest (slowest) path through a project's development, as determined by using a PERT chart.
CPC
Amount paid to the advertising company when a user clicks on an advert.
CPU
See Central Processing Unit.
cracking
Gaining illegal access to a computer system
Creative Commons
Licensing system for authors who wish to distribute their work freely.
Critical Path
Longest (slowest) path through a project's development, as determined by using a PERT chart.
Cropping
Taking a small part (subset) of an image.
cross-platform
Hardware or software that works on multiple operating systems.
CRT
Old, large TV style computer monitors.
CRT monitor
Output device. Older type of monitor, now almost obsolete.
CSS
Technology to specify styling and formatting information for web pages.
CSV
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, separated by commas. See also TSV (Tab Separated Values).
CTR
Percentage of users who click on an advert after seeing it.
CTS
A health problem causing pain in the wrist, often associated with overuse or incorrect of a computer system.
Customer relationship management (CRM) system
A computerised system for managing an organisation's customer, sales, and marketing information. This might also include customer sales and technical support.
cyber-bullying
Use of IT such as social networks to harass or bully individuals.
cyber-terrorism
Using computer hacking techniques to commit acts of terrorism.
cyber-warfare
Using computer hacking techniques to commit acts of war.
cybernetics
Integration of IT into the human body.
data centres
Large warehouses of computers that host hundreds or thousands of gigabytes of data.
data collection
Used to find information about an existing system during the development of a new system.
data entry form
Screen used to input data into a database.
Data Flow Diagram
Shows processes in a system and the flows of data between them.
data integrity
Ensuring data is correct, consistent, and update to date.
data layers
Layers of information added to a Geographical Information System.
data logging
Automatic recording of data using sensors.
data matching
Combining several databases to build up more information about a person or set of people.
data mining
Searching collections of data for hidden patterns.
Data Protection Act
UK law that governs the collection and use of personal data.
data redundancy
Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.
data structure
The way the data within an IT system is organised and related.
data synchronisation
Exchanging data between a computer and a portable device such as a smart phone.
data throughput
Rate at which data is processed and output by a system.
data types
Format of data in a field, such as text, number, or date.
data warehouses
Vast databases containing many gigabytes of data.
data-driven web sites
A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from data stored in a database. For example, when a user performs a search in a shop, all matching products are extracted from the database and a web page is generated to display them.
database administrator
The person in an organisation who is responsible for setting up, maintaining, and monitoring the organisation's database(s).
Database Management System
Software used to create, enter, edit, and retrieve data in a database.
database server
Computer on a network that stores data for other users to access.
database software
Application software for creating, recording, and finding large collections of data.
DBMS
Software used to create, enter, edit, and retrieve data in a database.
DDoS
Denial of service attack committed using dozens of computers, usually zombies on a botnet.
Decision Support System
Use of models or expert systems to aid (business) decision making processes.
Defragmentation
Process of reducing disk fragmentation.
delivery
Installing a new IT system at the client's premises.
denial of service attack
Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot respond to genuine users.
deployment
Stage in the SDLC where the system is deployed at the client's site.
deskilling
Reduction in the skill needed to do a job, due to technology
desktop computer
Typical computer system with a separate screen and system unit.
desktop publishing software
Application software used to lay out pages for printed publications.
development manager
In project development, person who oversees programmers as they create the system specified in the design.
device drivers
Utility software used by the operating system to communicate with peripheral devices.
DFD
Shows processes in a system and the flows of data between them.
DHCP
System that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network.
dialup
Internet access that connects using a telephone line and a MODEM.
dictation software
Use of software to convert spoken words into text.
dictionary attack
Attempt to break a password by trying all possible words.
digital cameras
Camera that saves images digitally, often in JPEG format.
digital certificates
Technique used to authenticate remote users, such as online shopping businesses.
digital data
Discrete data which can be counted.
digital divide
The idea that money, language, education, or infrastructure creates a gap between those who have access to information technologies and those who do not.
digital effects
General name for operations performed on an image using graphics software.
digital footprint
An individual's effect on the environment due to e-waste.
Digital Millennium Copyright Act
Law designed to improve copyright protection for media companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection systems such as DRM.
digital radio
Upgraded version of radio signals which offers higher quality than analog television.
digital restoration
The process of using digital versions of historic works or places and software to 'rebuild' them to their previous states.
Digital Rights Management
Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a file, such as copying or printing.
digital signatures
Technique used to authenticate remote users, such as online shopping businesses.
digital television
Upgraded version of television signals which offers higher quality than analog television.
digital video cameras
Camera that saves digital video
digitisation
The process of converting analog data into digital computer data.
digitize
To convert data from analog to digital form.
direct changeover
Immediate removal of an old system and complete replacement with a new IT system.
direct payment
E-commerce payment using a debit or credit card.
Direct Recording Electronic
Voting machines where users cast votes by touching a screen.
discrete data
Discrete data which can be counted.
disk wiping
Securing deleting files from a disk, beyond recovery.
Distributed database
A database in which data is stored on multiple computers in separate physical locations. Various techniques are used to synchronise the data to prevent data integrity problems.
Distributed Denial of Service attack
Denial of service attack committed using dozens of computers, usually zombies on a botnet.
distributed processing
Use of multiple separate computers working together on a common task.
DMCA
Law designed to improve copyright protection for media companies, and make it illegal to bypass copy protection systems such as DRM.
DNA database
A database, often national, that contains DNA samples taken from people arrested by the police.
DNS
System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
DNS poisoning
Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
do not track
Initiative designed to stop tracking cookies from recording user's web activity.
DOC
File format for documents, used by Microsoft Office.
Domain Name System
System for translating domain names into IP addresses.
domain names
Human readable names given to web sites, such as www.itgstextbook.com
donation schemes
Schemes used to find additional uses for obsolete computer equipment to extend it's useful life.
DoS
Flooding a computer system with data so that it cannot respond to genuine users.
dots per inch
Also known as printer resolution. The number of dots of colour a printer is capable of producing in a certain amount of space.
download
To transfer data from a server to a client computer.
DPI
Also known as printer resolution. The number of dots of colour a printer is capable of producing in a certain amount of space.
DRE voting machine
A type of electronic voting machine that allows the user to vote by selecting the candidates name using a touchscreen.
Drive-by download
Program which automatically downloads when a user visits a web page, usually without their knowledge or consent.
DRM
Software which restricts the actions a user can perform with a file, such as copying or printing.
drone
An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for surveillance operations.
DSL / cable
Common type of broadband Internet connection.
DTP
See desktop publishing software.
dual core
A multi-core system with two processor cores.
Durability
Part of ACID. Durability means that once a transaction has occurred, it must 'stay occurred', even if the power is lost or the hard disk crashes or there is some other disaster. This typically records a record of all transaction (a transaction log) to be kept.
DVD
Optical secondary storage device capable of storing up to 8GB.
Dvorak keyboards
Alternative keyboard layout to improve typing speed.
Dynamic Host Control Protocol
System that automatically assigns IP addresses to computers on a network.
dynamic web site
A web site whose pages are generated at view-time, from data stored in a database. For example, when a user performs a search in a shop, all matching products are extracted from the database and a web page is generated to display them.
e-book
An electronic book, presented as a document on a computer or an e-book reader.
e-book reader
Portable device used to download and read e-books.
E-commerce
The techniques used to sell products online.
e-learning
Electronic learning. The use of IT to teach and learn.
E-marketing
The techniques used to market produces online.
e-passport
Passport with a microchip containing biometric features, and RFID technology to transmit these to immigration control.
e-petition
An online petition that can be signed by people supporting a cause.
e-prescriptions
Electronic prescriptions.
e-store
A name for a web page which lets the user browse and purchase items.
e-waste
Discarded electronic equipment that is either broken or obsolete.
EB
See Exabyte
EDI
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard format that both can understand.
edutainment
Entertainment software designed to have an educational aspect.
EFT
Transfer of money from one account to another using computer systems and networks.
EHR
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
Electronic Data Interchange
Process of transferring data between systems in a standard format that both can understand.
Electronic Funds Transfer
Transfer of money from one account to another using computer systems and networks.
Electronic Health Records
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
electronic ink
Technology used in e-book readers to improve display quality.
Electronic Medical Records
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
electronic shopping cart
Feature of e-commerce sites which contains items for later purchase.
electronic textbooks
E-books designed to replace traditional paper textbooks for teaching and learning
electronic voting
Any use of IT to count or cast votes in an election.
electronic waste
Discarded electronic equipment that is either broken or obsolete.
email monitoring
Technology to monitor emails sent and received, usually by employees.
email server
Computer on a network that stores email for other users to access.
Embedded systems
Computer system hidden inside another device, such as a car engine management system.
employee monitoring
Technology used to monitor the work of employees using a computer system.
EMR
Computerised medical records, often stored on a centralised server.
emulator
A computer program which simulates another type of computer, so that it can run programs designed for it.
encryption
System of encoding plaintext so that it cannot be understood with access to an encryption key.
encryption key
Used to encrypt and decrypt data.
end user licence agreement
Licence agreement for software that sets out the users rights and responsibilities.
end-user
Person who will use an IT project one it is finished.
enterprise information system
System that allows an organisation to collect, manage, and analyse large amounts of information about its products, its processes, and its customers.
Entertainment Software Rating Board
Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games.
entities
Component of an Entity Relationship Diagram.
entity relationship diagram
Shows the items of data stored in a system and the relationships between them.
equality of access
The use of technology to ensure that everybody is able to access resources, regardless of problems such as physical disabilities.
ERD
Shows the items of data stored in a system and the relationships between them.
ergonomics
Meaning a system design for user comfort.
eSATA
A modern type of connector for attaching external hard disks
ESRB
Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games.
ethernet
Type of wired network connection commonly used on LANs.
EULA
See end user licence agreement
EV SSL
Extended Validation SSL. Digital certificate validation technique used on the world wide web.
exabyte
Storage unit: 1024 petabytes.
expert system shell
Software used to create expert systems.
expert systems
Software designed to make the same decisions that a human expert would, in a given knowledge domain.
external hard disk
Portable storage device often used for backups.
external link
HTML link which points to a separate, external web site.
extranet
Content on a LAN which is available to authorised third parties.
eye tracking software
Accessibility software that tracks where a user is looking on the screen.
failover system
See Redundant system.
fair use
Exceptions to copyright law that allow copying in certain limited circumstances.
false negative
When a system incorrectly rejects an action instead of accepting it.
false positive
When a system incorrectly accepts an action instead of rejecting it.
feasibility study
Examination of a proposed system to see if its creation is possible.
Federation Against Software Theft
Organisation that works to reduce illegal copying of software.
feedback loop
Comparing the results of a computer model to actual (real life) results, and using the differences to improve the model for the future.
fibre optic
Types of network connection that offers extremely high speed transfers.
field
Single item of data about a single record in a database.
field size
Validation technique. Number of characters that can be stored in a field.
file server
Computer on a network that stores files for other users to access.
File Transfer Protocol
System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for uploading web sites.
filter
Software which blocks some Internet content, based on a series of rules or lists of content.
filtering
Process of preventing access to some resources, usually web pages.
filters
General name for operations performed on an image using graphics software.
firewall
Hardware or software that controls access to a network.
firewire
Interface for attaching external hard disks and digital video cameras.
first party cookie
Cookie left by a web site the user directly visited.
FLAC
Lossless file format for audio.
Flash
Technology often used to create interactive web pages.
flash memory/flash drive
See solid state storage.
flat classrooms
Use of IT to connect classrooms with other classrooms around the world
flat file database
Database which consists of just one table.
fleet management
Software to track and manage fleets of vehicles, including route planning and data analysis functions.
fleet tracking
Software to display the location of vehicles, such as trucks or taxis.
flight simulator
Simulator hardware and software used to train pilots.
flipping
Image effect found in most graphics software.
follow-the-sun working
System of moving working to different offices around the globe as the day progresses, ending work in each location as the end of the day approaches, and moving it to a new office elsewhere where the day is just beginning.
footer
Area of a document which appears the same on every page.
foreign key
Database field whose sole purpose is to form part of a relationship with another table.
forms
Screen used to input data into a database.
formula
In spreadsheets, a combination of cell references and mathematical operations.
forums
Online areas where users can post messages to each other.
fragmentation
Problem that occurs as files are saved on non-contiguous sectors on a disk.
free and open source software
Software whose source code is freely available and can be changed and distributed.
freeware
Software which is distributed for no cost.
frequently asked questions
List of questions and answers often found in manuals and help screens.
FTP
System for transferring files over the Internet, often used for uploading web sites.
Full backup
Backup that copies all data from a system.
full body scanners
Security system used at airports to produce a digital image of passengers 'without clothes'.
full disk encryption
System that encrypts all data saved to a hard disk automatically and transparently.
full motion platform
Hardware device which can move in many directions to increase the realism of simulators.
function
Built in features of spreadsheets for performing common calculations.
functional requirements
Specific features and functions that a proposed IT system must have.
future warrior
Information technology designed to improve a soldier's understanding of the battlefield around him.
fuzzy logic
Logic in which items can have multiple values. Used in AI.
fuzzy set theory
System in which items can be partial or complete members of a set. Used in AI.
game controllers
Input device with buttons used for games playing.
Gantt chart
Used to chart the stages of a planned IT project and the people responsible for each stage.
gateway
Computer which acts as a bridge between a local area network and the Internet.
GB
See Gigabyte.
Gbps
Gigabits per second. Measure of network bandwidth.
Geographical Information System
A system which allows layers of data to be placed on map data to visualise and analyse it. For example, crime rate figures can be layered on a map of a city.
geotagged
Adding tags to data (such as an image) to identify the location in which it was created.
GHz
See gigahertz.
GIF
Lossless file format for images.
Gigabyte
Storage unit: 1024 megabytes.
gigahertz
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 MHz.
GIS
A system which allows layers of data to be placed on map data to visualise and analyse it. For example, crime rate figures can be layered on a map of a city.
Global Climate Model
Computer model used to predict possible future climate change.
Global Positioning System
System of satellites which can pinpoint a users location on the Earth.
GNU Free Documentation License
Licensing system for authors who wish to distribute their work freely.
goal seek
Spreadsheet tool used to determine the required values to meet a certain goal.
GPS
See Global Positioning System
GPS receiver
Part of the GPS system which calculates its distance from satellites in space.
Graphical User Interface
System the user controls using a mouse to click on icons, buttons, and windows.
graphics software
Application software for creating and editing images.
green screen
Technique used to replace part of a video image matching a certain colour with computer graphics.
grid computing
Use of multiple separate computers working together on a common task.
ground penetrating radar
Specialist imaging hardware used to detect and visualise objects buried underground.
GUI
See Graphical User Interface.
hacking
Gaining illegal access to a computer system
hand writing recognition
System to recognise human writing and convert it to text.
handover
Point at which the developers of a system formally pass it to the client.
hard copy
A printed paper copy of data.
hard disk
Magnetic secondary storage device found in most desktop and laptop computers.
hardware
Physical parts of a computer system.
hardware address
Unique address embedded in network connected devices.
HDTV
Television images that have a resolution up to 1920 x 1080.
head control systems
Accessibility software that tracks a users head movements to allow them to input data.
head wand
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input using a wand connected to their head.
header
Area of a document which appears the same on every page.
heat sensor
Common input device in robotics.
heuristics
General rules for performing a task, used to improve the perform of searching algorithms in AI applications.
high contrast mode
Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems.
High Definition Television
Television images that have a resolution up to 1920 x 1080.
high performance computing
High speed computing using multiple processors
home automation
Home which uses technology to improve its efficiency, security, and comfort, by automating many aspects.
home directory
Directory that contains a users personal files.
home network
Small local computer network used in homes.
Home Theatre PC
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically for watching television and films.
host
Computer on a network that provides services or performs work for others.
HTML
HyperText Markup Language. The standard language for creating web pages.
HTPC
Computer with multimedia capabilities designed specifically for watching television and films.
HTTP
HyperText Transfer Protocol. The standard protocol of the world wide web.
HTTPS
Secure version of HTTP which offers encrypted communication.
hub
Hardware device for connecting several computers on a network.
Human Genome Project
An online project designed to centrally store information about the human genome.
humanoid
Robot designed generally like a human - bipedal, upright, and arms, and a head.
humidity sensor
Common input device in robotics.
hyperlinks
Area of a web page - text or an image - which when clicked takes the user to another web page.
IDE
Interface for attaching internal hard disks.
identity theft
Stealing personal data in order to impersonate a person.
IF-THEN rule
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to describe the relationship between key concepts.
image editor
Software used to create or edit bitmap graphics.
implementation
Stage in the SDLC where the system is created (programmed).
incident escalation
Moving a problem with an IT project to a higher level if it cannot be solved.
Incident management system
Used to keep track of problems and difficulties encountered in an IT system.
incident tracking system
Used to keep track of problems and difficulties encountered in an IT system.
Incremental backup
Backup that copies only the changed data since the last backup.
index
Field by which a database is often searched.
inference engine
Part of an expert system which attempts to relate the users input with knowledge stored in the knowledge base.
inference rule
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to describe the relationship between key concepts.
information system (IS) managers
Person responsible for all IT purchases, deployments, and systems within an organisation.
infrared sensor
Common input device in robotics.
inkjet printer
Printer that works by spraying ink through nozzles at a sheet of paper.
input
Data or information that is entered into the computer.
input mask
Validation technique. Ensures only the specified characters can be entered into a field.
input switches
Accessibility hardware that lets a user input data by pressing a simple on-off switch.
installation
Installing a new IT system at the client's premises.
Integrated Development Environment
Set of programs used by system developers to create IT systems.
intellectual property
Refers to creations of the mind - non-physical property such as photographs, music, stories, and films.
intelligent cars
Cars incorporating IT to improve driver safety and comfort.
interactive whiteboard
Device that uses a projector for output and touch inputs, using a special pen.
internal link
HTML link which points to a different part of the same page.
internal support
Support for an IT system provided within an organisation.
Internet monitoring
Technology to monitor Internet data sent and received, usually by employees.
Internet Protocol
Standard protocol used on many LANs and on the Internet. See TCP.
Internet Service Provider
Company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses.
Internet voting
Systems which allows users to vote over the Internet.
Internet Watch Foundation
Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to illegal content on the Internet.
intranet
Content on a LAN which is only available to members of an organisation.
IP address
Unique address assigned to every computer on a network.
IPTV
Systems which allows television images and sound to be delivered over the Internet.
IrDA
Short range, low bandwidth, line-of-sight wireless communication technology.
Isolation
Part of ACID. Ensures that one database transaction cannot unintentionally affect another. For example, two transactions to alter the same record cannot run at the same time.
ISP
Company that provides Internet access to homes and businesses.
IWF
Organisation that works with British ISPs to block access to illegal content on the Internet.
Java
Programming language often used to create interactive web pages.
JavaScript
Scripting language often used to create interactive web pages.
joystick
Input device used for games playing and flight simulators.
JPG
Lossy file format for images.
KB
See kilobyte.
Kbps
Kilobits per second. Measure of network bandwidth.
Kensington lock
Special lock for securing portable devices to immovable objects to prevent theft.
key escrow
Idea of having encryption keys stored by a third party company so the government can access them if needed.
key field
Field which contains a different value for every record in that table.
key logger
Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a computer system.
key pair
A public key and private key that work together in a public encryption system.
Keyboards
Input device that lets the user enter text and numeric data.
keystroke monitoring
Software or hardware which records all key strokes on a computer system.
keyword density
Frequently with which key words appear in a web page.
keyword filter
Filter that blocks web pages containing specified key words.
keyword prominence
Locations within a web page that key words appear.
keyword spamming
Overuse of key words in a web page in an attempt to increase search engine ranking.
Kilobyte
Storage unit: 1024 bytes
knowledge base
Area of an expert system where all facts about the knowledge domain are stored.
knowledge discovery
Searching collections of data for hidden patterns.
knowledge domain
Area of knowledge in which an expert system specialises.
knowledge engineer
Programmer responsible for entering expert knowledge into an expert system.
knowledge representation
Different techniques for representing concepts and their relationships inside a computer system.
LAN
Computer network in a small area such as an office building.
laptop
Portable computers that come in many shapes and sizes.
laser imaging
Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by satellites.
laser printer
High speed printer.
laser scanning
Technique used to build 3D computer models of real world locations.
lasers
Common input device in robotics.
layer
Technique used in graphics software to place digital images or effects on top of each other to build up a final image.
LCD
Newer style 'flat screen' monitors.
LCD screen
Output device. The newer type of monitor which is flat.
LEDC
Countries to which electronic waste is often shipped for unsafe recycling and disposal.
legacy system
An old, out of date IT system which is still used because it is essential to an organisation.
length check
Validation technique. Number of characters that can be stored in a field.
Less Economically Developed Country
Countries to which electronic waste is often shipped for unsafe recycling and disposal.
Lidar
Remote imaging method that users laser light, often used by satellites.
life cycle (hardware)
For computer hardware, the period of time from its manufacture, through its use, until its eventual disposal.
light sensor
Common input device in robotics.
lights
Common output device in robotics.
link farm
Service that links many pages to each other in an attempt to increase search engine ranking.
load testing
Testing of an IT system with the amount of work it can be expected to process in real world conditions.
Local Area Network
Computer network in a small area such as an office building.
location based service
Web page which alters the information it displays based on the user's geographical location.
log file
Chronological record of events, used for reporting purposes and audit trails.
logic
Rule used by the inference engine in an expert system to describe the relationship between key concepts.
login
Process of authenticating oneself before using a computer system.
lookup
Using a list of values to limit what can be entered into a field. For example, for the 'Gender' field, the values are limited to 'male' and 'female'
lossless compression
Compression technique in which the original file is completely recoverable, with no loss of quality. Compare lossy compression.
lossy compression
Compression technique in which some file data is sacrificed in order to reduce file size.
loyalty card
Card used to identify repeat customers, to allow them to accumulate reward points, and to gather data about their shopping habits for marketing purposes
m-commerce
The use of mobile phones to conduct online purchases.
m-learning
Mobile learning. Use of mobile devices to teach and learn.
MAC address
Unique address embedded in network connected devices.
machine learning
Technique for making a computer produce better results by learning from past experiences.
machine translation
Technique for automatically translating one human language into another.
macro
In application software, a set of actions which are recorded so they can be played back later.
macro virus
Virus that takes advantage of the macro programming languages built into some software.
macro viruses
Virus that takes advantage of the macro programming languages built into some software.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Input device that reads text written in special magnetic ink. Often used at the bottom of cheques.
magnetic storage
Type of secondary storage that users magnets to read and store data. Examples include floppy disks and hard disks.
magnetic stripe readers
Input device that reads the magnetic stripe on cards like ATM cards and bank cards.
magnetism sensor
Common input device in robotics.
mail merge
Automatically customising a standard letter with individual names and addresses.
mainframe
High end computer system that achieves very high data throughput.
maintenance
Alterations made to a system after it has been formally handed over.
malware
Generic name for malicious software
MAN
Computer network over a large area such as a city.
Massively Multiplayer Online Game
Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Game
Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
master page
A template page which is used to include standard features (such as page numbers or a header) on each page of a document in a consistent manner.
MB
See megabyte.
mbps
Megabits per second. Measure of network bandwidth.
MDI
See Menu Driven Interface
MEDC
Countries which are often a significant source of electronic waste.
medical expert system
Expert system for medical diagnosis support.
Megabyte
Storage unit: 1024 kilobytes
megahertz
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed.
megapixel
Unit used to measure the resolution of digital cameras. Refers to 1 million pixels.
Menu Driven Interface
Interface that presents a series of pre-defined options to the user.
meta tags
HTML tags to add additional information about a web page and its content.
Metropolitan Area Network.
Computer network over a large area such as a city.
MHz
See megahertz.
MICR
See Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
micro-payments
Online donations collected in small amounts, but which add up when contributed by thousands of users.
microblog
Blog-like system which limited post length, such as Twitter.
microphone
Input device for sound data
microprocessor
See Central Processing Unit.
MIDI
Musical Instrument Digital Interface. System for communication between musical hardware and software applications.
milestones
Key points during project development, such as the completion of a stage.
MIPS
See Millions of Instructions Per Second
mission creep
When the use of an IT system extends beyond its original purpose.
mixed reality
Combination of virtual reality and real life training.
MMC
Solid state secondary storage device, often used for digital cameras.
MMOG
Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
MMORPG
Games played by connecting to a central server and interacting with other players in a virtual world.
mobile commerce
The use of mobile phones to conduct online purchases.
MODEM
Device for connecting a computer to a telephone line, used in dialup connections.
More Economically Developed Country
Countries which are often a significant source of electronic waste.
morphing
Effect that transforms one image into another over a series of frames.
Motherboard
The circuit board to which the internal computer components connect: the CPU, the RAM, the ROM, and the secondary storage devices
motion capture
A system used to capture human movement into a computer by attaching sensors to an actor and tracking their location.
motion controllers
Input devices which are moved through the air to control a computer system.
Motion Picture Association of America
Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of films.
motors
Common output device in robotics.
mouse
Input device used to control a cursor or pointer.
MOV
Lossy file format for video.
MP3
Lossy file format for audio.
MP4
Lossy file format for video.
MPAA
Film industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of films.
MPEG
Lossy file format for video.
Multi-core
Processor with more than one processor core, to increase its performance.
Multi-factor authentication
Use of several authentication techniques together, such as passwords and security tokens.
multi-touch
Input device able to recognise touches and gestures made with multiple fingers.
multi-user licence
Software licence that allows a specific number of copies to be used at one time.
multimedia
Use of images, audio, text, and video data together.
multimedia keyboard
Keyboard with buttons to perform common tasks such as program launching.
multimedia software
Application software for creating and editing presentations, animations, and video.
multiprocessing
A system with more than one processor, to increase its performance.
multitasking
A single processor running multiple tasks by switching rapidly between them.
myoelectric control
Control of IT using electrical impulses from the body
MySQL
Database system often used by data driven web sites.
narrowband
Low speed network connection.
native resolution
Resolution of an LCD display that produces the best display quality.
natural language processing
Techniques for processing human languages to enable a computer to understand their meaning.
netbook
Lightweight laptop computer designed for portability.
network administrator
Individual responsible for maintaining and running a network.
network manager
The person responsible for the installation, configuration, and monitoring of an organisation's network.
neural control
Control of IT using electrical impulses from the brain
neural networks
AI technique that tries to simulate the human brain, using neurons and synapses.
news aggregator
Software which fetches news headlines from a variety of sources for display in one location.
non-functional requirements
Conditions that a proposed IT system must meet, such as working on certain hardware or giving results within a certain time.
non-volatile storage
Storage which does not lose its contents when the power is removed.
normalization
Process of converting a database from a flat file database to a relational database.
object oriented graphics
Graphics which are stored as a series of mathematical shapes and properties that can be independently manipulated at any time.
OCR
See Optical Character Recognition.
ODT
File format for documents, used by LibreOffice.
off-the-shelf software
Software which is widely available and can be bought by anybody.
OMR
See Optical Mark Recognition.
one time password
Password generated by a security token, which expires as soon as it is used.
online banking
Use of the Internet to perform tasks such as bill payment, money transfers and other banking tasks.
online encyclopaedias
Web site containing a large number of articles for research purposes.
online lessons
A form of training delivered online.
online reputation
Methods used to measure the 'trust' and 'reliability' of people in an online network, especially when performing e-commerce or writing reviews.
online voting
Casting votes over the Internet.
onscreen keyboard
Keyboard which is displayed on screen and controlled by clicking on buttons with the mouse or a touch screen.
open courseware
Educational material which is released for free use and distribution.
open government
Use of IT to publish data about government operations, improving transparency.
open source
See free and open source.
open textbooks
Textbooks whose content is freely available online for reading, copying, and often editing.
operating systems
Software that manages the computer system and controls the hardware.
opt-in
System in which users must explicitly decide to participate.
opt-out
System in which users must explicitly decide not to participate.
Optical Character Recognition
Input device that reads printed text, scans it, and converts it to text that can be edited in a word processor.
Optical Mark Recognition
Input devices that reads simple multiple-choice style answers by looking for marks on the paper.
optical scanning electronic voting system
Voting machines which count paper ballots cast by voters.
optical storage
Storage devices which use lasers to store and read data. Examples include CDs and DVDs.
organisational IT policies
Policies governing the appropriate use of IT, data integrity, security procedures, and other aspects of IT use with an organisation.
output
Information which is produced by a computer system.
outputs
During analysis, a list of the results that a system must produce.
P2P
Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centralised servers.
package tracking
Use of RFID and a web site to show customers the location of packages awaiting delivery.
packet sniffer
Software or hardware used to collect data travelling over a network.
pages per minute
Speed at which a printer produces output.
PAN
Short range network between a computer and a mobile phone or similar portable device.
Pan European Game Information
Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games in Europe.
parallel processing
High speed computing using multiple processors
parallel running
Running the old system and the new system side by side.
parameter query
Database query whose criteria are decided by the user at run-time.
passphrase
Word or phrase used to authenticate a user.
password
Word or phrase used to authenticate a user.
pattern recognition
Computational Intelligence technique where computers are trained on examples and learn to recognise similarities between them.
payment gateway
A trusted third party who is used to receive and process payments in an online transaction.
paywall
System to prevent access to a web site's content unless the user pays a subscription fee.
PB
See petabyte.
PDA
See Personal Digital Assistant.
PDF
Common file format for the exchange of documents, which appears on screen exactly as it will appear on the printer.
Peer to peer
Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centralised servers.
Peer-to-Peer
Network in which all computers are equal and there are no centralised servers.
PEGI
Organisation that provides content ratings for computer games in Europe.
perfective maintenance
Maintenance that changes software to incorporate new user requirements (or changed requirements).
Personal Area Network
Short range network between a computer and a mobile phone or similar portable device.
personal data
Data which could identify a user, or lead to social impacts such as identity theft.
Personal Digital Assistant
Mobile device bigger than a phone but smaller than a laptop. Probably has a keyboard or at least a stylus (pen) and a touch-screen.
personal firewall
Software application that controls network access to and from a single computer.
Personal Health Record
Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's own computer system.
personally identifiable data
Data which could identify a user, or lead to social impacts such as identity theft.
PERT chart
Charting system to show the inter-dependencies in projects.
Petabyte
Storage unit: 1024 terabytes
pH sensor
Common input device in robotics.
pharming
Technique used by criminals to alter DNS records and drive users to fake sites, to committing phishing.
phase out
Gradually removing an old IT system from use.
phased changeover
One part of an organisation switches to a new IT system to test it, while others remain using the old system.
phishing
Use of fake emails and web sites to trick users into revealing sensitive data.
PHP
Technology used to create dynamic web pages.
PHR
Electronic health records which are stored on the patient's own computer system.
physical security
Locks, alarms, and other techniques used to securely a building or computer room.
piracy
Term for the illegal copying or downloading of copyrighted material.
pixel
Individual dots which make up bitmap graphics.
pixels per inch
Number of pixels displayed in each inch of screen output.
plagiarism
Use of another user's work without proper credit or citation being given.
plain text
Text file which contains no formatting data
plain text file
File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode encoding.
plaintext
Message before it is encrypted, or after it has been decrypted.
planned obsolescence
Idea that IT equipment is designed to have a short life expectancy before failing or becoming obsolete.
platform
Refers to a particular combination of hardware and operating system.
Plug-ins
Software added to web browsers to extend their functionality.
plugins
Software added to web browsers to extend their functionality.
PMBoK
Project Management Body of Knowledge. A project management methodology.
PNDRE
Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like the Internet.
PNG
Lossless file format for images.
podcast
Sound files recorded and uploaded to a web server, usually in episodic format.
Point of Sale
Checkout system in a shop, usually connected to a store database and EFT system.
pop-ups
A type of advertisement which opens a new browser window to display adverts.
port
Number used to determine the type of service required when a computer connects to another.
Portable Document Format
Common file format for the exchange of documents, which appears on screen exactly as it will appear on the printer.
POS
Checkout system in a shop, usually connected to a store database and EFT system.
power settings
Operating systems to affect the power consumption of a computer.
PPI
Number of pixels displayed in each inch of screen output.
precision guided weapons
Weapons that use IT to improve their accuracy or effectiveness.
prediction
Output of a computer model.
predictive text
System that predicts the word being typed based on the letters already typed.
presence check
Validation technique. Requires a field to be completed.
presentation software
Application software for creating slides used for lectures, presentations, and lessons.
pressure sensor
Common input device in robotics.
preventative maintenance
Maintenance that changes software to avoid possible future problems.
price comparison sites
Sites which aggregate price data from a variety of sources to offer customers the best deal.
primary key
Field which contains a different value for every record in that table.
Primary storage
Storage systems which are found inside the computer and are electronic. RAM and ROM are examples.
PRINCE2
PRojects IN Controlled Environments 2. A project management methodology.
print server
Computer on a network that receives and processes print requests.
printers
Output device which produces paper copies.
privacy policy
Policy governing what data a company or web site will collect about you and how it will be used.
private key
Key used for decryption in a public key encryption system.
processes
During analysis, a list of the procedures a system must implement.
processor
See Central Processing Unit.
procurement
The act of acquiring the necessary items (software, hardware, staff) to develop an IT system.
product activation
Process of registering software online before it can be used, to reduce illegal copies.
productivity software
See application software.
profile privacy settings
Settings in social networks and other systems to control how a user's data is shared with others.
programmer
A person who writes computer programs by following a design document.
project goals
Clear statement of the intentions of a proposed IT project.
project initiation document
Document used in PRINCE2 to describe the key features of an IT project.
project management methodology
Systems and techniques designed to encourage successful projects and avoid project failure.
project management software
Software to help plan, manage, and guide the process of IT project development.
project manager
Person with overall responsibility for an IT project.
project plan
Clear definition of the goals, scope, and schedule of a proposed IT project.
projector
Output device used to display computer graphics on a wall or board.
projectors
Output device for displaying content on large screens.
prosthetics
Devices used to replace a user's arms or legs if they have been amputated. Increasing becoming computerised.
protocols
A standard set of rules for performing tasks, such as communication.
prototype interface
Early version of a user interface to get feedback about its effectiveness.
prototypes
An early version of a project, designed to get feedback from the client and users.
proximity sensor
Common input device in robotics.
proxy server
Computer on a network which acts on behalf of another, or through which all Internet data must pass.
public domain
Software to which the author has waived all rights.
public key
Key used for encryption in a public key encryption system.
public key encryption
Encryption system in which two keys are used: a public key used only to encrypt data, and a private key used only to decrypt it.
Public Network Direct Recording Electronic
Voting machines where users cast votes over a network like the Internet.
push technology
System which notifies users of changes to web pages without them having to visit the page.
QR code
Quick Response Code. A type of 2D bar code that can store more data than a regular UPC bar code.
Quad-core
A multi-core system with four processor cores.
quality assurance methods
In project development, used to ensure the whole development team are following standardised best practises.
quality control processes
Processes to ensure code produced by programmers followed accepted best practices.
queries
Method of extracting data from a database that matches specific criteria
radar
Remote imaging method used by satellites.
Radio Frequency Identification
System of tags which contain data that can be read from a distance using radio waves.
radio tag
Tags which broadcast their position over a large distance using radio waves.
RAID
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks. A way of having two (or more) hard disks in a computer and having the exact same data written to each of them automatically. If one of the disks fails, the computer can switch to the other disk and continue running normally (since the second disk is an exact copy).
RAM
See Random Access Memory.
Random Access Memory
Primary storage which is fast, relatively expensive, and volatile.
range check
Validation technique. Ensures a field is between a certain range of values.
ranking of sites
Process performed by search engines to determine the order of results for a given search.
raster graphics
Graphics composed of rectangular grids of pixels.
RDBMS
Relational DBMS. See Database Management System.
re-skilling
When a de-skilled user retrains, often in a technology related discipline.
Read / write web
Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and collaboration.
read me file
Help file containing latest updates and information about using a system.
Read Only Memory
Primary storage whose contents are written at manufacture and cannot be altered later.
real-time data collection
Data logging systems which report data as soon as it is collected.
record
Collection of fields that represent a single entity, such as a person.
Record locking
Technique used in databases to prevent a record being accessed by more than one user at a time. This prevents data integrity problems (such as a change by one user while another is reading it).
Recording Industry Association of America
Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of music.
recycling
The process of reclaiming valuable elements from waste electronic equipment, often done unsafely in developing countries.
reduce
The 'R' concerned with preventing e-waste problems by producing less waste equipment and using fewer harmful chemicals.
Reduction of Harmful Substances
A law which limits the harmful chemicals that manufacturers are allowed to put into their electronic equipment.
redundancy
Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.
Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks
System where multiple hard disks contain duplicate data, to be used in the event of one failing.
redundant data
Data in a database which is needlessly duplicated.
Redundant system
System which will take over the role of a primary system if it fails.
redundant systems
System which will take over the role of a primary system if it fails.
reference software
Electronic encyclopedia software containing articles, images, videos, and other reference items.
referrer
A small piece of information sent to sites you visit, telling the site which site you just came from.
refurbish
The 'R' concerned with finding additional uses for equipment which is obsolete but not broken.
regression testing
Testing to ensuring changes to an IT system did not break any previously working functionality.
relational database
Database containing multiple related tables and no redundant data.
relationships
The links between separate items of data.
relative cell reference
In a spreadsheet, a cell reference which updates when moved.
relative link
HTML link to a file, with no path specified.
relays
Common output device in robotics.
Remote access
Ability to connect to a computer, over a network, as though you were physically present at the keyboard.
remote desktop
Ability to connect to a computer, over a network, as though you were physically present at the keyboard.
remote monitoring
Use of IT to monitor the health of patients over a large distance.
remote sensing
Techniques used by satellites to image the Earth.
remote vehicle disabling
Ability to disable a vehicle over a computer network if it has been stolen
Repetitive Strain Injury
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer, which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
requirements specification
Clear list of the functional and non-functional requirements for a proposed IT project.
resolution
Refers to the number of pixels in an image.
restore (a backup)
Copying data from a backup copy back to the main system.
reuse
The 'R' concerned with finding additional uses for equipment which is obsolete but not broken.
reward card
Card used to identify repeat customers, to allow them to accumulate reward points, and to gather data about their shopping habits for marketing purposes
RFID
See Radio Frequency Identification.
RFID reader
See Radio Frequency Identification.
RFID tag
See Radio Frequency Identification.
RIAA
Music industry group that works to reduce illegal copying of music.
Rich Text Format
Standard file format that can store documents that include formatting data.
robot
Computerised device that performs manual or physical tasks, either autonomously or under remote control.
robotic arm
Common output device in robotics.
robotic fingers
Common output device in robotics.
RoHS
A law which limits the harmful chemicals that manufacturers are allowed to put into their electronic equipment.
ROM
See Read Only Memory.
root user
User will full control over a computer system.
rootkit
Type of malware which infiltrates the operating system and attempts to hide itself from view.
rotating
Image effect found in most graphics software.
route planning
Software to plan the optimum route between two points.
Router
Hardware device used to connect two separate networks.
RSI
Injury caused by overuse or incorrect use of a computer, which can affect the wrists, arms, back, or shoulders.
RSS
Really Simple Syndicate. A push technology.
RTF
See Rich Text Format.
safety critical system
System whose failure could result in injury or loss of life.
sample precision
During digitisation, the number of bits used to represent each sample.
sample rate
Number of samples taken each second when recording sound.
sampling
The process of converting analog data into digital computer data.
SAN
Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other computers on the network.
sat nav
Portable GPS receiver device often used in vehicles.
SATA
Interface for connecting storage devices like hard disks.
satellite imaging
The use of sensors on satellites to measure or record information, usually about the Earth.
satellite navigation system
Portable device that uses GPS to plot the user's position.
scaling
Changing the size of an image.
scanner
Input device used to digitise photographs and paper copies of data.
school information system
Database system for storing and managing information about a school, its students, and staff.
scope
Clear definition of the boundaries of an IT project.
screen magnification
Accessibility setting for users with eyesight problems.
screen reader
Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, which reads text aloud.
scripting
Simple programming that can be included in web pages to make them more interactive or dynamic.
SDLC
The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual phasing out.
Search Engine Optimisation
Techniques used to increase a web page's search engine rankings.
searching
Method of extracting data from a database that matches specific criteria
secondary key
Field by which a database is often searched.
Secondary storage
Storage systems which are connected externally to the computer's motherboard.
secondary use
Using data for a purpose other than the one for which it was collected.
secret key encryption
Encryption system in which a single key is used for both encryption and decryption.
secure deletion
See disk wiping.
secure online payment
Essential for all online transactions, often achieved using SSL or TLS encryption.
Secure Socket Layer
System used to encrypt https web traffic.
security token
Hardware device that must be present during login to authenticate a user.
security update
Software update to fix a security problem discovered in software.
selection tools
Tools in graphics software for selecting only a subset of an image.
self checkout
Supermarket technology that lets users scan and pay for their own goods without staff assistance.
sensitive data
Data such as medical records which, if shared, could cause serious negative impacts on the data subject.
sensors
Input devices used to measure physical traits, such as sound, heat, or light.
SEO
Techniques used to increase a web page's search engine rankings.
serial number
Registration number needed during software installation, used to reduce illegal copies.
serious games
Games designed to teach players about an issue.
server
Computer on a network that provides services or performs work for others.
set theory
Mathematical theory used in some AI techniques.
shareware
Software which is free to use initially, but which must be pay for if use continues.
Silverlight
Technology often used to create interactive web pages.
simplification
Difference between a computer model's representation of a process, and the real life process.
simulation
Based on computer models, gives users experience of events such as flying a plane.
single-user licence
Software licence that allows the use of only a single copy on a single computer.
sip and puff
Accessibility hardware for users with very limited mobility
sirens
Common output device in robotics.
site licence
Software licence that allows an organisation to use software on an unlimited number of computers.
sitemap
Overview of a web site and all the links and pages within it.
Smart card readers
Device to read a smart card.
smart cards
Credit card sized card containing a microchip for data storage and processing.
smart cars
Cars incorporating IT to improve driver safety and comfort.
smart home
Home which uses technology to improve its efficiency, security, and comfort, by automating many aspects.
smart meters
Systems which measure a household's consumption of water or resources, producing statistics that can be used to improve efficiency.
smart shopping trolley
Shopping trolley with RFID technology to offer enhanced functionality.
smart weapons
Weapons that use IT to improve their accuracy or effectiveness.
Smartphone
Mobile phone with capabilities typically including Internet access and a camera.
smartphones
Mobile phone with capabilities including Internet access and a camera.
smishing
Phishing attacks committed using text messages (SMS).
social bookmarking
Web site that lets users store and manage their favourite links, and share them with others.
social engineering
Tricking a user into revealing their password or other sensitive data.
social media
Networks such as Facebook, Google, and Twitter, which are often used for advertising.
social network
Web site that lets users create personal profile pages and share them with friends.
social news
News sites which rank news stories based on user ratings.
Soft keyboard
Keyboard which is displayed on screen and controlled by clicking on buttons with the mouse or a touch screen.
software
The instructions and programs which are run by the CPU.
software testers
People who perform alpha, beta, and acceptance testing.
software verification
The use of experts to examine the source code of a program to check that it works correctly.
solid state storage
A type of secondary storage device that uses electronic circuits to read and store data. The advantage of this is that is has no moving parts, making it faster and less likely to be damaged if dropped. Also called flash memory. (Compare magnetic storage with optical storage and solid state storage)
sonar
Remote imaging method used by satellites.
sorting
Ordering records based on a field (e.g. alphabetically).
sound sensor
Common input device in robotics.
source code
Instructions that make up the software, entered by the programmer using a programming language.
spam
Unwanted, bulk email.
spam bot
Program that scans web pages for email address, in order to send spam.
spam filters
Program designed to identify and block spam messages while letting genuine messages through.
speakers
Output device for sound.
speech recognition
Computer system that can process spoken language and understand its meaning.
speech synthesis
Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, reads text from the computer out loud.
speed throttling
Reducing a processor's clock speed to save power when not in use.
sponsored links
Links show by search engines because the link owners paid a fee.
spreadsheet
Application software for performing numerical calculations and analysis.
spreadsheet software
Application software for performing numerical calculations and analysis.
spyware
Malware which covertly records a user's actions, such as their key presses.
SQL
Language for managing databases by typing commands.
SSADM
Structured Systems Analysis and Design Method. A project management methodology.
SSL
System used to encrypt https web traffic.
stereolithography
'3D printer' that can produce actual objects from computer models.
sticky keys
Accessibility setting for users with movement problems.
Storage Area Network
Network dedicated to providing disk storage to other computers on the network.
store-and-forward telemedicine
Telemedicine using techniques such as email, which do not operate in real time.
streaming media
Video or audio data that is played while it is downloading.
Structured Query Language
Language for managing databases by typing commands.
stylesheet
File which contains CSS information to format a web page.
stylus
Input device used in conjunction with touch screens.
supercomputer
Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of calculations per second.
supercomputers
Fastest computers available, capable of performing trillions of calculations per second.
support
Staff who help users with problems they encounter while using an IT system.
support staff
Staff who train users and help them with problems as they occur
SVG
Standard file format for vector image data.
switch
Hardware device for connecting several computers on a network.
SWOT
Analysis method sometimes used when creating a business case.
symmetric key encryption
Encryption system in which a single key is used for both encryption and decryption.
Synchronous
Data transfer method in which the sender and receiver are synchronised, allowing higher speed transfer.
synchronous learning
In a tele-learning environment, learning which does requires the teacher and student to be online at the same time.
system administrator
Personal in overall charge of a computer system in an organisation.
system context diagram
High level DFD of a system.
System development lifecycle
The stages in the life time of an IT system, from its first proposal, through its design and creation, to its eventual phasing out.
Tab Separated Values
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab character. See also CSV.
tab-delimited text files
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab character. See also CSV.
table
In databases, a collection of records representing a type of item.
Tablet device
Portable device, often with a touch screen.
tactile feedback
Output from a computer system in the form of force, movement, or resistance.
tagging
Adding key words to an item such as a photo to describe its content.
tags
Keywords in HTML which are used to mark up a web page.
take-back scheme
Scheme operated by IT manufacturers to accept customers' old hardware for recycling at its end of life.
targeted advertising
Use of data about customers to determine which adverts they are most likely to find useful.
TB
See terabyte
TCP/IP
Transfer Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. Common protocol for LANs and the Internet.
technical documentation
Documentation intended for programmers and developers of an IT system.
tele-learning
Learning that occurs when the teacher and students are in separate geographical locations.
telecommuting
Working away from an organisation's main office or base, using portable computers.
telehealth
Using IT to perform medical consultations when the doctor and patient are in geographically separate locations.
telemedicine
Using IT to perform medical consultations when the doctor and patient are in geographically separate locations.
telesurgery
Using IT to perform surgery on a patient in a geographically separate location from the doctor.
teleworking
Working away from an organisation's main office or base, using portable computers.
template
A page which is used to include standard features (such as page numbers or a header) on each page of a document in a consistent manner.
Terabyte
Storage unit: 1024 gigabytes
terahertz
See Terahertz
test plan
List of all tests and test data that should be tried with a system.
text file
File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode encoding.
Text-to-speech
Accessibility feature for users with eyesight problems, reads text from the computer out loud.
thin client
Networking system whereby client computers rely on servers to perform their processing tasks.
third party cookie
Cookie left by a web site the user did not directly visit (usually by advert companies).
third party hosting
Use of a separate, specialist company to store and manage a web site.
third party payment service
See payment gateway.
THz
Unit of measurement for a processor's clock speed. 1000 GHz.
TIF
Lossless file format for images.
title attribute
HTML attribute that provides a text description of links.
TLS
System used to encrypt https web traffic.
Top Level Domain
The final part of a domain name, such as .com .net or .sv
top-level domain
Suffix at the end of a URL, such as .com or .org.
Touch pad
Input device commonly found on laptops instead of a mouse.
touch screen
Input device that lets the user touch areas of the display to perform tasks.
touch sensitive input
Input devices which allows a screen to be controlled with fingers rather than using a mouse or a keyboard.
trackball
Input device that uses a rotating ball to control the cursor.
tracking number
A number given to users when they order an item online, allowing them to see its progress from the retailer to their door.
tracks
Common output device in robotics.
training
Ensuring that users will be able to work with a new IT system.
training data
Example data used in a pattern recognition system.
Trans-border data flow
Transfer of data between countries.
Transport Layer Security
System used to encrypt https web traffic.
trojan horse
Malware which pretends to be a genuinely useful program to trick the user into using it.
true colour
Image with 24 bit colour depth.
TSV
File format for transferring data, which stores fields and records in a plain text file, with fields separated by a tab character. See also CSV.
Turing test
Proposed test to see if a computer is intelligent or not.
tutorial
A document which explains how to perform key tasks, step by step.
tutorials
Step by step help on using a system.
TXT
File format that stores characters using ASCII or Unicode encoding.
typography
The proficient use of fonts, font sizes, and font properties such as leading and kerning to display text in an appropriate manner.
UAV
An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for surveillance operations.
unauthorised access
Gaining illegal access to a computer system
Unicode
Encoding system to store text, with support for multiple languages and alphabets, and thousands of characters. Compare ASCII.
Uninterruptible Power Supply
Backup power system which powers a computer if the mains electricity fails.
unique identification number
Used by cookies to help recognise return visitors to web sites.
Universal Product Code
A type of barcode.
Universal Serial Bus
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including mice, printers, and digital cameras.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
An unmanned aerial vehicle often used by the military for surveillance operations.
UPC
See Universal Product Code
upload
To transfer data from a client to a server computer.
uploading
To transfer data from a client to a server computer.
UPS
See Uninterruptible Power Supply.
uptime
Measure of how long a computer system has been operating without restarting.
URL
Universal Resource Locator. Describes the location of an item, such as a web page, on the Internet.
USB
Common interface for connecting peripheral devices including mice, printers, and digital cameras.
user acceptance testing
Tests performed by a client before formally accepting an IT system from the developers.
user documentation
Documentation intended for users of an IT system, helping them understand and use it.
User interface
Method used to communicate with a computer system.
user manual
A document which explains to users how to use a computer system.
utility software
Software used to perform maintenance jobs such as defragmenting disks.
validation
Checks to ensure whether data is in the correct format.
variables
Components of a computer model which can be altered to vary the output.
vector graphics
Graphics which are stored as a series of mathematical shapes and properties that can be independently manipulated at any time.
verification
Checking whether data is correct - i.e. is the value entered in a field the actual value?
video CODECs (coder-decoders)
Software required to view certain compressed video and audio formats.
video conferencing
Use of video cameras and microphones to conduct a conversation over a network.
video editing software
Application software for creating and editing video.
Video On Demand
Television and films which can be streamed at any time from the Internet, rather than waiting for a TV broadcast.
viral advertising
Advertising on social media networks which spreads rapidly from user to user.
virtual actors
Animated characters used in films, created entirely using computer graphics software.
virtual globe
A 3D software map of the Earth, usually with layers of information added, similar to a GIS.
virtual keyboard
See soft keyboard
Virtual LAN
Network form by several LANs which are in separate geographical locations.
Virtual Learning Environment
A content management system (CMS) which allows teachers to upload lessons, worksheets, quizzes, and other class material, to be displayed on a web page.
virtual machine
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing one physical computer to run several 'virtual computers', each with their own independent operating system and application software.
virtual machines
A software implementation of a computer system, allowing one physical computer to run several 'virtual computers', each with their own independent operating system and application software.
Virtual Private Network
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer can securely connect to a LAN, as though it were physically connected.
virtual reality
A virtual world which the user views using a special headset, and may participate in using specialist input devices.
virtual reality headset
Primary output device used by a virtual reality system.
virtual world
3D environment in which character select an avatar and then explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing purposes.
virtual worlds
3D environment in which character select an avatar and then explore. Sometimes used by companies for marketing purposes.
virtualisation
The process of using several virtual machines running on one computer to replace several separate physical computers.
Virus
Computer program which damages files and data spreads when infected programs are copied.
virus definition file
Used by anti-virus programs to recognise known viruses.
vishing
Phishing attacks committed using telephone calls or VoIP systems.
visualisation
Graphical or animated output from a computer model or simulation.
VLAN
Network form by several LANs which are in separate geographical locations.
VLE
A content management system (CMS) which allows teachers to upload lessons, worksheets, quizzes, and other class material, to be displayed on a web page.
VOD
Television and films which can be streamed at any time from the Internet, rather than waiting for a TV broadcast.
voice control
Use of spoken commands to control a computer.
voice controlled interface
Ability to operate a computer by issuing spoken commands.
Voice over Internet Protocol
System that lets users make telephone calls over the Internet.
voice recognition
Use of software to convert spoken words into text.
VoIP
See Voice over Internet Protocol.
volatile storage
Storage which loses its contents when the power is removed.
Vorbis
Lossy file format for audio.
Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails
An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.
VPN
Allows a secure private connection over a public network, using an encrypted 'tunnel'. For example, a remote computer can securely connect to a LAN, as though it were physically connected.
vulnerability scanner
Software to scan a system for potential security problems.
VVPAT
An electronic voting system that produces a paper receipt of the vote cast, allowing a recount if necessary.
W3C
Organisation that manages standards on the world wide web.
WAN
Computer network over a large area, such as a country or several countries.
waterfall development
Development method that focuses on completing each stage of the SDLC for the entire project before moving onto the next.
watermarking
The process of adding an author name or logo into an image to identify its owner and prevent intellectual property theft.
WAV
Lossless file format for audio.
Web 2.0
Refers to web pages which allow user interaction and collaboration.
Web 3.0
Proposed evolution of the world wide web.
web analytics
Software to measure and display statistics about a web site's visitors, such as pages visited, durations of visits, and web browsers used.
web bug
Technique used by spammers to detect if an email address is valid or not.
Web Content Management System
Software which allows management of a web site without web design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.
web crawler
Software which scans web pages looking for key words, so search engines can index them.
web development software
Application software for creating HTML pages for web sites.
web hosting
The process of housing or storing a web site, making it available to the public, and managing the servers on which it runs.
web server
Computer on a network that stores web pages.
web spider
Software which scans web pages looking for key words, so search engines can index them.
web traffic analysis
Software to measure and display statistics about a web site's visitors, such as pages visited, durations of visits, and web browsers used.
Web-based software
See cloud computing.
Webcam
Input device used to record video, often found in laptop computers.
WebCMS
Software which allows management of a web site without web design skills. Content is stored in a database and published in different ways, such as on a web site, in a printed booklet, or in different languages. Sometimes called a WebCMS.
WEEE
A European law which requires electronic equipment manufacturers to accept back their equipment for recycling at its end of life.
weighted filter
A filter which considers the words in a page as well as the context in which they appear.
WEP
Wired Equivalence Protocol. Wireless network encryption system.
What-if scenario
Use of a computer model to test the results of different situations and scenarios.
wheels
Common output device in robotics.
white list
List of allowed web sites in a filtering system.
Wide Area Network
Computer network over a large area, such as a country or several countries.
WiFi
Most common type of wireless connection.
wiki
Type of web page that any visitor can edit.
WiMax
Long range wireless network technology.
wired soldiers
Information technology designed to improve a soldier's understanding of the battlefield around him.
wireless hotspot
The area around a WiFi router where wireless access is available.
wizard
Step by step help system to guide a user through a task.
WLAN
Wireless LAN. A LAN what allows WiFi connections.
WMA
Lossy file format for video.
word processing software
Application software for creating written documents such as letters or essays.
World Wide Web Consortium
Organisation that manages standards on the world wide web.
worm
Malicious software which replicates itself and spreads between computer systems and over networks.
WPA
Wireless Protected Access. Wireless network encryption system.
WPA2
Wireless Protected Access 2. Wireless network encryption system.
WWW
World Wide Web - a series of interlinked multimedia pages stored on the Internet.
WYSIWYG
What You See Is What You Get. Refers to programs that present their output onscreen exactly as it will appear when printed.
XML
A markup language used to describe data, storing the information as plain text files.
YB
See Yottabyte.
yottabyte
Storage unit: 1024 zettabyes
ZB
See Zettabyte
zettabyte
Storage unit: 1024 exabytes
zip file
Compressed file format for general data.
zombie
Computer which has been compromised by malware and is part of a botnet.